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An attempt to present a few ideas conditioning the thought of the early Christians; the ideas concerning primarily the ways of conceptualizing the Church as a universal community of the faithful. The author shows the perspectives of St. Peter, St. Paul and St. John; discusses the theories of Justinus, Ignatius Antiochenus, Irenaeus of Lyon, Cyprian, Clement of Alexandria, Eusebius of Caesarea, and...
The aim of the article is to describe Klaus Mann’s political and social views, especially two of them – his critique of nationalism and his activity as the spokesman for anti‐fascism. Mann’s anti‐nationalist attitude is connected with his cosmopolitism inspired not only by count Coudenhove‐Kalergi but by the vision of pan‐Europe and pacifism as well. The political standpoint of Mann is influenced strongly...
Polish political thought is closely connected with the dates that marked historical moments in the life of the state. The fall of the Polish‐Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795 was a moment that marked a shift in the Polish political thought from the idea of freedom and state reform to the idea of regaining independence. The collapse of a state led to the redefinition of national identity by the Poles...
Proposals to solve to the issue of national minorities by means of providing these groups with differently understood autonomy began to emerge in the second half of the 19th century. These concepts owed their popularity to the nation‐building processes which were at their most dynamic at the time, the shaping of nation states as well as the increase in the aspirations of dependent nations of the Eastern...
In 1701 tsar Peter I resigned from appointing anybody to the throne of patriarch and, in 1721, he subjected the Orthodox Church to the secular office of higher rank, the Office being additionally supervised by Oberprocurator as one of the highest officers of the state. There appears a question: what was the cause, the aim and the sense of the reform thus carried out. Did Peter exploit the...
The political thought of Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski (1642–1702) has hitherto been viewed from the perspective of the ideas of the Enlightenment era as contained in the treaty On the Efficient Advice written by Stanisław Konarski, the treaty being the reply to the 17th century dialogue On the Inefficiency of Advice written by Polish Salomon. The hitherto accepted interpretation of Lubomirski’s...
The article is based on the source that has hitherto not been exploited. The source which is a fragment of the diary that was taken down by professor Stanisław Tarnowski. The fragment covers the years 1846–1873 and makes up so called Dzików Chronicle that had survived the fi re that broke out in Dzików in 1927. It functions as a supplement to the biography of this eminent scholar whose research was...
It was in the patrimonial state that the lawyers began to function as a professional group. In the course of time they began to make up an elite of the population of the nobiliary Commonwealth. Soon however there appeared the negative aspects of their activities. The authors of the Polish works on law were concerned with the professional and moral qualifications of lawyers. This referred particularly...
Pursuant to the maxim that actio personalis moritur cum persona, the claims and debts of the party become extinct on the day of its death. That is the reason why in English common law the successors could not sue their predecessor’s debtors; on the other hand, they were protected against the creditors of the deceased. It is difficult to exaggerate the importance of doctrine for the legal relations,...
The Archbishop of Gniezno who was the first senator of the Polish‐Lithuanian Republic, played one of the most significant roles in the State. His significance was due to this rights of vicarii regis that were granted to him as early as during the reign of Władysław Jagiełło. These rights were however not precisely formulated. The Archbishop of Gniezno performed the function of vicarious regis only sporadically,...
One of the features characteristic of the development of the western legal culture in the previous century were extensive changes of the family law. A reform of the matrimonial property relations was necessary, as the legislation of the most of the European states at the beginning of the 20th century retained old property systems and institutions, very often derived from the customary laws of the...
Today, by applying various diverse criteria to a wide range of legal persons, certain types thereof can be distinguished. The classical distinction, which is based upon the fact of participating in organizational structures of legal persons, is the division into two: legal entities of foundation (non‐ profit) vs. legal entities of corporation type. In the first part of the case study contained herein,...
Wincenty Szpor (1796–1856) was a Cracow advocate and the Senator of the Free City of Cracow in the years 1848–1850. Likewise, he lectured on political skills and statistics at the Law Faculty of the Jagiellonian University. In the years 1827, 1830, 1834, 1847 he repeatedly entered the competition for the Heard of the Chair of Political Skills. On the successive competitions he unsuccessfully rivalled...
Under the rule of Grand Duke of Tuscany Peter Leopold there were undertaken in this Duchy some reforms of relationships between the State and the Church. The reforms reached their climax an occa sion of the Synod of Pistoia. It has been for a long time now that the historians had a concern in them. What makes up a particularly interesting but simultaneously controversial problem are the doctrinal...
The testamentary disposition was subjected to the regulation in the Lithuanian Statutes (of 1529, 1566, 1588) which were tantamount to the codification of law in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In the First Statute (of 1529) the regulation was not much extended but in the next Statutes it developed. When compared with the First Statute, the regulations found in the Statutes that followed were responsible...
De Usu et Authoritate Juris Civilis Romanorum in Dominiis Principum Christianorum, the work by Artur Duck was published in London in 1653 In his work he analysed the position and infl uence of Roman Law in fifteen countries of the 17th‐century Europe. Apart from England, Scotland and Ireland, he researched the German Empire, France with Belgium, Italy, Sicily and Naples, Poland, Hungary, Bohemia, Spain,...
The author of this work presents ideological currents which led to establishing, in the second half of the 20th century in Habsburg monarchy, a strong current of reformist ideology in the Church called Theresianism and Josephinism. The author describes Jansenism which appeared in the Netherlands and then in France in the 17th century, Gallicanism, Episcopalism dating back to medieval Concilliarism...
The aim of the study is to present and revise critically one of the well known concepts used to explain the march of Roman law through the history, starting from the Justinian’s Compilation, i.e. the idea of common legal culture as an outcome of the Reception, named by some as “the second life of Roman Law” (P. Vinogradoff), and by some as “the resurrection of Roman Law” (J.A.C. Thomas). It must be...
The aim of this article is to analyze Rousseau’s concept of the social contract in terms of the categories of consent and public discourse. What type of agreement (consent) could give a fi rm foundation to the just social order that Rousseau was seeking? Is there any room for public discourse and, if so, what norms should it be based on, and what would be its goal? Does the departure from individualism...
The paper refers to sir Isaiah Berlin’s famous essay concerning differences between two types of human personality. Using a metaphor whose authorship is ascribed to an ancient Greek poet, Archilochus, “The fox knows many things, but the hedgehog knows one big thing,” Berlin argues that writers and thinkers of one kind (“hedgehogs”) relate everything to a single, central vision or principle,...
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